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 The history of American football. How and when the game of 
      football, known originally as soccer and rugby in England, came to America. 
      Details of both college and pro levels.
 HISTORY OF AMERICAN FOOTBALL
 Football historians, those who have studied the game and 
        its origins, place the games beginnings in rugby, an English game played 
        with many similarities to football. Rugby began in eighteen twenty-three 
        at the famous Rugby Boys School in England. Another cousin of the game 
        of football is soccer, sometimes called association football; its beginnings 
        can also be traced to English origin, being played as early as the eighteen 
        twenties.COLLEGE FOOTBALL: 
        ITS BEGINNINGSAt the same time, a group of students, who did not wear 
        leather football helmets,at Princeton began playing what was then known 
        as ballown. First using their fists to advance the ball, and then their 
        feet, this game consisted mainly of one goal: to advance the old watermeoln 
        football past the opposing team. There were no hard and fast rules applied 
        to this earliest attempt at the game we now call football.At Harvard, 
        the freshman and sophomore classes, who also did not at first wear leather 
        football helmets, competed in a football-type game, played on the first 
        Monday of each school year; this event came to be known as Bloody Monday 
        because of the roughness of the game. Pick up games,where there were no 
        leather football helmets, similar in style to that played on Bloody Monday, 
        soon became popular on the Boston Common, catching on in popularity around 
        eighteen sixty.Soon after the end of the American Civil War,still the 
        leather football helmet had not been invented, around eighteen sixty five, 
        colleges began organizing football games.None of these early teams wore 
        leather football helmets. In eighteen sixty seven, Princeton led the way 
        in establishing some rudimentary rules of the game.But still , leather 
        football helmets were not used or invented. Players simply tied a bandana 
        around their heads. Also in that year, the football itself was patented 
        for the very first time That early ball was a crude watermelon, almost 
        round shape. But still no way to protect the players from death or concussins 
        because there were no leather football helmets even thought of during 
        these early years..Rutgers College also established a set of rules in 
        eighteen sixty seven, and with the relatively short distance between it 
        and Princeton, a game was decided upon by both universities. A date was 
        chosen, November sixth, eighteen sixty nine; Rutgers won by a score of 
        six goals to four, and thus was played what has become known as the very 
        first intercollegiate football game No leather football helmets were worn 
        during this contest. The flying wedge plays injured many because they 
        had no leather football helmets..In eighteen seventy three, representatives 
        from Columbia, Rutgers, Princeton, and Yale met in New York City to formulate 
        the first intercollegiate football rules for the increasingly popular 
        game, still being played with many of the rules of soccer. These four 
        teams established the Intercollegiate Football Association, and set as 
        fifteen the number of players allowed on each team.Walter Camp, the coach 
        at Yale and a dissenter from the IFA over his desire for an eleven man 
        team, helped begin the final step in the evolution from rugby-style play 
        to the modernfootball game of American football. The IFAs rules committee, 
        led by Camp, soon cut the number of players from fifteen to eleven, and 
        also instituted the size of the playing field, at one hundred ten yards. 
        But still no one thought to protect themselves better with a leather footbal 
        hemet. In eighteen eighty-two Camp also introduced the system of downs. 
        After first allowing three attempts to advance the ball five yards, in 
        nineteen six it was changed to ten yards. The fourth down was added in 
        nineteen twelve. Tackling below the waist had been legalized in eighteen 
        eighty-eight.Within a decade, concern over the increasing brutality of 
        the game led to its ban by some colleges.Brutal plays that actually walked 
        and trampled opposing players were the norm and leather football helmets 
        still had not been invented to protect the head of the players of early 
        football. Nearly one hundred eighty players had suffered serious injuries, 
        and eighteen deaths had been reported from the brutal mass plays that 
        had become common in practice. The earliest leather football helmets were 
        invented by a Navy player in 1893. He asked a local blacksmith to improvise 
        a leather harness hat to protect his head. As his doctor said that if 
        he continued to play , one more kick to the head would kill or paralyze 
        himfor life. Thus the first "leather football helmet was born. Soon 
        other players created additional styles of leather football helmets to 
        protect their heads and ears. Still the early leather football helmets 
        provided littl protection. There were such styles as the early beehive 
        leather football helmet, the flat-top leather football helmets and the 
        dogear leather football helmt. In nineteen hundred five, President Theodore 
        Roosevelt called upon Harvard, Princeton, and Yale to help save the sport 
        from demise.At a meeting between the schools, reform was agreed upon, 
        and at a second meeting, attended by more than sixty other schools, the 
        group appointed a seven member Rules Committee and set up what would later 
        become known as the National Collegiate Athletic Association, or the NCAA.From 
        this committee came the legalization of the forward pass, which resulted 
        in a more open style of play on the field. The rough mass plays, which 
        once caused so many serious injuries, and even deaths, were prohibited 
        by the committee. Also prohibited was the locking of arms by teammates 
        in an effort to clear the way for their ball carriers. Still many early 
        teams wotre no leather football helmets. But eventually the advantages 
        of the leather football helemt were seen . And soon one could watch a 
        game and observe half the players with out leather football helmets and 
        half with leather football helmets to protect their heads.The length of 
        the game was shortened, from seventy to sixty minutes, and the neutral 
        zone, which separates the teams by the length of the ball before each 
        play begins, was also established. The earliest balls wree called watermelon 
        footballs and they have become almost extinct along with the earliest 
        leather football helmets . Today these leather football helmets can only 
        be found in museums or among fine collections of leather foorball helmets. 
        Today, almost one hundred years since the inception of the NCAA, the sport 
        of college football flourishes as one of the most popular of collegiate 
        games. Colleges and universities are placed into three divisions under 
        NCAA guidelines and each division has many conferences. Seasonal and conference 
        play leads to post-season bowl games, where the champions of conferences 
        meet to play in front of a world-wide television audience. Some of these 
        bowls include the Rose Bowl, played on New Years Day in Pasadena, California, 
        between the Big Ten and Pacific Ten conference champions. Other bowls 
        include the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans, 
        Louisiana, the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, and the Peach Bowl in Atlanta, 
        Georgia. The leather football helmet evolution follows the great early 
        college game as lether helmets first showed up in the 1890s and then the 
        leather helmets gradually develeoped into a stronger and more protective 
        piece of gear. .PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL: ITS BEGINNINGSProfessional football 
        was first played soon after the demise of the Intercollegiate Football 
        Association, around eighteen ninety-five. In nineteen twenty, the American 
        Professional Football Association was formed; one year later it was reorganized 
        and in nineteen twenty-two was renamed the National Football League Some 
        of the great early Pro players who wore leather football helmets were 
        Red Grange , Jim Thorpe, the early Packer team , the early Bear team , 
        the early Giant team , the early Philadelphia team, and the early Pittsburgh 
        team. Players wore varying style of leather football helmets . And the 
        colors also began to show up on the early 40s leather football helmet 
        s. Before that most helmets were plain natural leather either brown, cordovan 
        , or black. Color leather football helmets allowed the quaterback to better 
        see the receiver at long distances when he was far down the field. So 
        more and more teams begab=n to paint their leather football helmets to 
        put some visibility sizzel into their games. .Unlike the APFA, which handed 
        out franchises far and wide with little discretion, the NFL, from nineteen 
        forty-six to forty-nine, was limited to ten teams. Gradually in the late 
        1940s the leather football helmet began to be replaced by early plastics. 
        However many of the early plastic football helmets shattered and caused 
        injury. So. the leather football helme survived thru the World war II 
        years and lingered into the early 1950s. But gradually the old leather 
        football helmet was replaced by the plastics and more and more teams began 
        to add logos and symbols to their helmets . the early leather football 
        helmets were spared this clutter and reamined unadorned right into the 
        50s eara. Soon howevre the old leather football helmet faded into history. 
        many pooreer high school teams and JR high teams still used these old 
        leather helmets right into the 1960s and 70s . Today the leather football 
        helmet is practically extinct and can only be found at museums or in fine 
        collections.The APFA, on the other hand, consisted of twenty three teams 
        in the year between its inception and the change-over in becoming the 
        NFL.A merger in nineteen seventy, fifty years after the inception of the 
        first pro football association, combined sixteen NFL teams with ten AFL 
        teams to comprise one league with two conferences. In the nineteen eighties, 
        further expansion was proposed and by the ninety three-ninety four NFL 
        season, approval was given for a thirty-team league. The next step towards 
        growth of the league would be to realign the NFL into eight different 
        divisions, each with four teams.Pro football, like its college counterpart, 
        was not without its failures. Among the number of competitive leagues 
        that have folded in failure are the All-American Football conference, 
        nineteen forty-six to forty-nine, the American Football League, nineteen 
        sixty to sixty-nine, and the World Football League, nineteen seventy-four 
        to seventy-five.Arena Football, an indoor league played in the spring 
        with eight man teams, debuted in nineteen eighty-seven. It is still played, 
        but does not enjoy the popularity or success that is found in the National 
        Football League.PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL TODAY: A BUSINESSFrom its humble 
        beginnings in eighteen sixty-nine, when the first intercollegiate game 
        was played between Rutgers and Princeton, football has become a multi-billion 
        dollar business in its professional form.Once watched by no more than 
        a handful of loyal sideline enthusiasts, football is now available for 
        worldwide viewing. With the advent of cable television, dozens of high 
        school and college games can be watched over Friday and Saturday afternoons. 
        Pro games are televised on Sunday and Monday nights, with at least half 
        a dozen games televised each weekend during the season. At the end of 
        each NFL season, champs from both the National and American conferences 
        meet in the Super Bowl to determine a national champion. This game, always 
        played in January, has been called the most watched sporting event of 
        all time, with a viewing audience from around the entire globe, watching 
        and listening to the televise in dozens of languages.Although television 
        commercials foot a very large part of the bill, the competition between 
        networks for the coverage rights highly inflates the value of NFL franchises. 
        In nineteen twenty, a franchise cost one hundred dollars. By nineteen 
        sixty, each was worth approximately two million dollars. In nineteen ninety 
        three, when the league decided to expand, selling teams to Charlotte, 
        North Carolina and Jacksonville, Florida, the cost rose to one hundred 
        forty millions dollars per franchise.In the same year, the NFL signed 
        a five-network, four year television contract, totaling almost four and 
        a half billion dollars.Some may say that if cheerleading was truly a sport 
        then it would have been included with other sports long ago. He will frequently 
        use the word draw here for lack of a more precise term to refer to the 
        use of graphics software. All bodies will rotate easiest about their center 
        of mass. In the year 2000, the popularity of arena football led to the 
        formation of arena football 2, an expansion league. The ancient egyptians 
        swam, raced, wrestled, and played games with balls. Pass patterns are 
        the routes the receivers run downfield after the snap of the ball.The 
        rare kinds and styles of leather football helmets worn by college and 
        Pro teams can still be seen at their resoective college campus museums 
        , at the College football hall of Fame Museum and or the Pro Football 
        hall of Fame Museum in Canton Ohio. Trap block: when a player is allowed 
        through the enemy line only to be blocked by surprise from another player 
        behind the line. Suicide squad: see special teams. Like the offense, the 
        defense does not want to make its intentions obvious, especially when 
        the coach calls for an aggressive defense such as a blitz a charge against 
        the quarterback. So, there are different shoes here, sorted by style and 
        bottom. Some teams use a 3-4 defense, with three defensive lineman, four 
        linebackers, and four defensive backs. The officials then place the ball 
        at the point where the team has ended up. For example, our running back 
        would have the following momentum p: p = mv = 98 kg9. Many players apply 
        two-sided carpet tape to their shoulder pads so that the jersey sticks 
        to the pads! The winner of this game is crowned the national champion. 
        He also considers the strengths and weaknesses of the defense. Role model 
        - cheerleaders are looked up to by their peers. Today many sports history 
        enthusisasts look for old leather football helmets for their collections 
        or to offer as awards or commemoratives. These olfd battle helmets, the 
        leather football helmet, will always represent the great history and evolution 
        of the game itself.
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